What is Forex?

How does Forex trading work?

In the Forex market you can buy or sell one currency for another. When you buy a currency, you are said to be “long” in that currency and when you sell a currency, you are said to be “short” in the currency. As the value of one currency rises or falls relative to another, traders decide to buy or sell currencies in order to make profits. Placing a trade in the foreign exchange market is simple and the mechanic of a trade are virtually idential to those found in other markets. Because of the symmetry of currency transactions, you are always simultaneously long in one currency and short in another. An open position is one that is live and ongoing. To close out your position, you conduct an equl and opposite trade in the same currency pair.

Currencies are quoted in pairs, such as EUR/USD or USD/JPY. The first listed currency is known as the base currency, while the second is called the counter or quote currency. The base currency is the “basis” for the buy or the sell. For example, if you BUY EUR/USD you have bought Euros (which means, you simultaneously sold dollars). You would do so in expectation that Euro will appreciate (rise, or go up) relative to the US dollar.

First, the trader should determine whether they want to buy or sell. If they want to enter a short order -  whereby they will profit if the exchange rate falls — they simply need to SELL. The opposite holds true for traders who enter buy orders: they can simply BUY, and thus will profit if the exchange rate goes up.

A trader purchases 10,000 Euros when the EUR/USD rate was 9600. And a couple of weeks later,  when the value of US dollar rose and the trader exhanges his 10,000 Euro back to US dollar when at the market rate of 11,800. In this example, the trader earned a gross profit of $2,200.

However, Forex trading can be very complicated and risky at the same time. Therefore, it’s no surprise that so many people are turning to Forex trading indicators (sometimes referred to as trading robots) to handle their money, their trades and their risks and rewards in general.

Sadly, even the most powerfully advanced Forex trading robot is not going to automatically make you a millionaire overnight.

This is because no matter which way you look at it, trading is always attached to some form of risk, no matter how big or small. Of course, the better the trading robot, the lower your risks. But ultimately, if you want guaranteed return on investment from putting money into something, then you’re better off applying for a high interest bank account (which, as I write this, is actually risky in itself due to the poor economy!).

Despite these obvious warnings, there is no denying that sheer potential of money to be made by any single individual from anywhere in the world is too much of a temptation to simply ignore.

Knowing the basics before you get started with help you tremendously, even if you do decide to use a software program to automatically trade for you.

Before we discuss the right software for the job, let’s take a quick look at the basic principles of Forex trading…

Forex trading is based on indicators. Indicators tell you when prices are moving up and down so that you can spot opportunities as they arise (allowing you to buy low and sell high). There are two types of indicators in Forex trading…

These follow trends such as moving averages. These types are the easiest to use for Forex trading to see trends going up and down in the markets.

Moving averages are better suited to markets that experience trends, which there are many.

Moving averages can be very flexible and allow you to make decisions on your trades outside the purely technical factors that other trading indicators are based on.

These types will analyze the velocity or momentum of price movementBoth these types of indicators define and organize the patterns into an understandable set of tools which can be used as quick reference for your trades.

They essentially signal where the strong and weak points are in differing markets and ultimately spot potential trading opportunities for you.

They are best applied to non-trending or sideways markets and basically use an oscillator to display the continuous rate of rise and fall in market prices to show patterns and trading opportunities. They essentially help to reveal triggers where a market has been flat for some time.

By applying both indicators to spot potential trading opportunities, you will see the best results in your Forex trading activities.

Although many are put off by the complications of Forex trading, a simple piece of software can handle such confusion and deal with the different types of indicators to pick out wining trades for you, automatically.

For More Information About Forex Trading Softwarehttp://forexspecialists.info 

You don’t have to be a Forex trading genius to successfully trade Forex. Learning the basics can start you on your way to profitable Forex trading.
Forex trading has been a common practice used by traders on Wall Street and around the world to supplement their income or ear a full-time income. With increasing global trade there is an increased desire to learn Forex trading not just on Wall Street but on streets from Dallal street in Mumbai,India to Rua XV de Novembro, in Sao Paolo, Brazil. Foreign trade generates capital flow due to trade in goods, services, commodities and investments.
Much of the demand in Forex is also from speculative trading. Various factors such as weather, national and international and economic policies affect the trade imbalances. Speculators monitoring these policy changes and weather conditions predict the price of foreign currency in the future and engage in speculative trading. It has been estimated that nearly $3 trillion or more is exchanged in all currencies on any given trading day the per transaction amount can be as high as $10 million. Larger deals are also frequently done. The path to learning and leveraging Forex trading techniques has a well defined beginning but is long and continuous process.
Fundamentals
Forex trading usually can be done as a spot or forward delivery. On an average actual currencies are exchanged in two business days for spot trading. In contrast, forward transactions involve a delivery date in the future, sometimes from a month to a year in the future or more. Since forward transactions involve dealing with contracts in the future typically banks provide protection on the value of the projected flows of foreign currency by preventing exchange rate instability.
One of the important distinguishing features between regular stock or commodity trading and Forex trading is that monetary markets do not have a physical location. NASDAQ which is a premier national stock exchange in the US operates without a trading floor or a physical location. All trades on the NASDAQ are carried out “virtually”, electronically using computer networks. Much like the NASDAQ, foreign exchange transactions are not executed across trading floors. Forex trading is carried out through computer networks and over the phone across countries by Forex traders.
The major players in the Forex market are typically global conglomerates that need foreign currency for their international trade and investment deals. Companies like Temasek Holdings, Dubai Investment Group, KOHLBERG KRAVIS ROBERTS & CO etc., international banks and brokers are some examples of the major participants in Forex markets.
Conclusion
Finally, in conclusion one must realize that the foreign exchange market is not just influenced by actual economic factors but the foreign exchange markets unpredictability can in turn affect the same economic variables.
Even minor fluctuations in the currency value of a country can have deep effects on the nation’s commerce and general financial health. A drop in the currency value puts a considerable stress on a nation’s domestic inflation as imports cost more which in turn increases the manufacturing cost of goods produced locally. Weaker exchange rates mean purchasing foreign currency is more expensive.
A stronger currency means imports are cheaper and so the domestic inflation rate is lower. Stronger currency rates mean purchasing foreign currency in exchange for local currency is cheap. Becoming knowledgeable of a currencies fundamentals can help both fundamental and technical traders to profit.

Forex Trading is a term given to foreign exchange transactions that deals with forex option and currency trading option. Foreign exchange brokers who do retail do not offer any opportunity for trading options. They are tasked to do research on potential brokers because having a broker who enables you to trade options next to conventional positions is valuable for merchants who engage in online foreign exchange option. Yet, merchants or traders also have a choice whether they would like to establish a separate account and purchase options through another broker or not.

Put/call options and SPOT options are the two types of options available to retail foreign exchange traders. Call options allow the buyer the right to buy a currency pair at a certain given exchange rate at some future time; the call option also works on the same premise. Thus, put and call options are both a right to purchase or sell, and not a responsibility or obligation. If the current exchange rate places the options in OTM or out-of-the-money, the options will expire without any value at all – worthless.

SPOT options or single payment options have much higher cost of premium than the conventional options, but are much convenient to set and implement. A currency merchant purchases a SPOT option through placing a desired scenario and estimated a premium. If the buyer decides to purchase such option, the SPOT will automatically release payment if the desired placed scenario happens. Effectively, the option becomes cash and profit is actually earned.

The Foreign Exchange market (Forex) is truly the largest exchange in the world. The amount of dollars traded on the Forex market on a daily basis is in the trillions. Most of this currency trading takes place between between large banks, central banks, currency speculators, multinational corporations, governments, and other financial markets and institutions. However, individual traders are starting to get in the mix, using internet discount brokers such as Etrade to participate in the currency exchange market.
There is no central exchange or meeting place for the Forex. All trading is done over computer networks between traders in different parts of the world. Also, unlike the stock market, the foreign exchange market is open 24 hours per day, because it is a global market. A trader in Hong Kong may be exchanging currency with a trader in Australia while an American trader is sleeping.
There are several different markets within the Forex exchange system. First, there is the spot market. The spot market deals with trades that are based on the current values of currencies. One person trades a certain amount of currency with another trader in exchange for an equivalent amount of a different foreign currency. Spot trades take two days for settlement.
The other two types of foreign exchange markets are the forward and futures markets. In the forward market, the buyer and seller agree on an exchange rate and a transaction date is set for a specific time in the future, at which point the trade is executed regardless of what the rates are at that time. On the futures market, futures contracts are bought and sold based upon a standard contract size and maturity date. Futures trades take place on public commodities markets.
A currency quote is listed differently from a stock quote. Stocks are quoted in terms of price per share. Currency exchange prices are listed as either a direct quote or an indirect quote. A direct quote uses the domestic currency as the base and the foreign currency as the quote. An indirect quote works the exact opposite way.
So, if you were to view a quote in an American newspaper that said USD/JPY = 75, that would be a direct quote and would mean that $1 of U.S. currency is equal to 75 Japanese yen. If that same quote appeared in that same American newspaper and was listed as JPY/USD = 0.013, that would be an example of an indirect quote.
As with stock prices, currency exchange prices have a bid and ask spread. The current bid is the amount of foreign currency that someone is willing to spend in order to buy $1 U.S. base currency. The ask is the amount of foreign currency that someone is demanding in order to be willing to sell $1 U.S. base currency.
The Forex markets are generally considered to be less volatile than then stock market because within the course of a trading day, it is highly unlikely for the value of a single currency to move all that much. With equities, it is not uncommon for a trader to buy a stock, and then a negative press release causes the stock to lose considerable value within a day or even a couple of hours. Sometimes, however, the Forex can be volatile. If there is a significant economic or political development with a certain country, the currency of that country can lose value quickly.
There is a higher degree of liquidity on the currency exchange then there is on the stock exchange because the currency exchange is open 24 hours per day and because the very nature of currency exchange is to bet on when certain currencies will go up or down; so, it is easy to sell your position in a certain currency even when the value of that money is going down. A plummeting stock is more difficult to unload, but not impossible.
If you want to begin currency tranding, try to set aside some money and open an account with an online broker. Start slowly, then as you get the hang of it, work your way up to larger trades and higher volume. However, do not gamble your nest egg on currency trading because inexperienced traders can lose everything they have rather quickly in spite of the relative safety of the Forex market.

The Foreign Exchange market (Forex) is truly the largest exchange in the world. The amount of dollars traded on the Forex market on a daily basis is in the trillions. Most of this currency trading takes place between between large banks, central banks, currency speculators, multinational corporations, governments, and other financial markets and institutions. However, individual traders are starting to get in the mix, using internet discount brokers such as Etrade to participate in the currency exchange market.
There is no central exchange or meeting place for the Forex. All trading is done over computer networks between traders in different parts of the world. Also, unlike the stock market, the foreign exchange market is open 24 hours per day, because it is a global market. A trader in Hong Kong may be exchanging currency with a trader in Australia while an American trader is sleeping.
There are several different markets within the Forex exchange system. First, there is the spot market. The spot market deals with trades that are based on the current values of currencies. One person trades a certain amount of currency with another trader in exchange for an equivalent amount of a different foreign currency. Spot trades take two days for settlement.
The other two types of foreign exchange markets are the forward and futures markets. In the forward market, the buyer and seller agree on an exchange rate and a transaction date is set for a specific time in the future, at which point the trade is executed regardless of what the rates are at that time. On the futures market, futures contracts are bought and sold based upon a standard contract size and maturity date. Futures trades take place on public commodities markets.
A currency quote is listed differently from a stock quote. Stocks are quoted in terms of price per share. Currency exchange prices are listed as either a direct quote or an indirect quote. A direct quote uses the domestic currency as the base and the foreign currency as the quote. An indirect quote works the exact opposite way.
So, if you were to view a quote in an American newspaper that said USD/JPY = 75, that would be a direct quote and would mean that $1 of U.S. currency is equal to 75 Japanese yen. If that same quote appeared in that same American newspaper and was listed as JPY/USD = 0.013, that would be an example of an indirect quote.
As with stock prices, currency exchange prices have a bid and ask spread. The current bid is the amount of foreign currency that someone is willing to spend in order to buy $1 U.S. base currency. The ask is the amount of foreign currency that someone is demanding in order to be willing to sell $1 U.S. base currency.
The Forex markets are generally considered to be less volatile than then stock market because within the course of a trading day, it is highly unlikely for the value of a single currency to move all that much. With equities, it is not uncommon for a trader to buy a stock, and then a negative press release causes the stock to lose considerable value within a day or even a couple of hours. Sometimes, however, the Forex can be volatile. If there is a significant economic or political development with a certain country, the currency of that country can lose value quickly.
There is a higher degree of liquidity on the currency exchange then there is on the stock exchange because the currency exchange is open 24 hours per day and because the very nature of currency exchange is to bet on when certain currencies will go up or down; so, it is easy to sell your position in a certain currency even when the value of that money is going down. A plummeting stock is more difficult to unload, but not impossible.
If you want to begin currency tranding, try to set aside some money and open an account with an online broker. Start slowly, then as you get the hang of it, work your way up to larger trades and higher volume. However, do not gamble your nest egg on currency trading because inexperienced traders can lose everything they have rather quickly in spite of the relative safety of the Forex market.

The Foreign Exchange market (Forex) is truly the largest exchange in the world. The amount of dollars traded on the Forex market on a daily basis is in the trillions. Most of this currency trading takes place between between large banks, central banks, currency speculators, multinational corporations, governments, and other financial markets and institutions. However, individual traders are starting to get in the mix, using internet discount brokers such as Etrade to participate in the currency exchange market.
There is no central exchange or meeting place for the Forex. All trading is done over computer networks between traders in different parts of the world. Also, unlike the stock market, the foreign exchange market is open 24 hours per day, because it is a global market. A trader in Hong Kong may be exchanging currency with a trader in Australia while an American trader is sleeping.
There are several different markets within the Forex exchange system. First, there is the spot market. The spot market deals with trades that are based on the current values of currencies. One person trades a certain amount of currency with another trader in exchange for an equivalent amount of a different foreign currency. Spot trades take two days for settlement.
The other two types of foreign exchange markets are the forward and futures markets. In the forward market, the buyer and seller agree on an exchange rate and a transaction date is set for a specific time in the future, at which point the trade is executed regardless of what the rates are at that time. On the futures market, futures contracts are bought and sold based upon a standard contract size and maturity date. Futures trades take place on public commodities markets.
A currency quote is listed differently from a stock quote. Stocks are quoted in terms of price per share. Currency exchange prices are listed as either a direct quote or an indirect quote. A direct quote uses the domestic currency as the base and the foreign currency as the quote. An indirect quote works the exact opposite way.
So, if you were to view a quote in an American newspaper that said USD/JPY = 75, that would be a direct quote and would mean that $1 of U.S. currency is equal to 75 Japanese yen. If that same quote appeared in that same American newspaper and was listed as JPY/USD = 0.013, that would be an example of an indirect quote.
As with stock prices, currency exchange prices have a bid and ask spread. The current bid is the amount of foreign currency that someone is willing to spend in order to buy $1 U.S. base currency. The ask is the amount of foreign currency that someone is demanding in order to be willing to sell $1 U.S. base currency.
The Forex markets are generally considered to be less volatile than then stock market because within the course of a trading day, it is highly unlikely for the value of a single currency to move all that much. With equities, it is not uncommon for a trader to buy a stock, and then a negative press release causes the stock to lose considerable value within a day or even a couple of hours. Sometimes, however, the Forex can be volatile. If there is a significant economic or political development with a certain country, the currency of that country can lose value quickly.
There is a higher degree of liquidity on the currency exchange then there is on the stock exchange because the currency exchange is open 24 hours per day and because the very nature of currency exchange is to bet on when certain currencies will go up or down; so, it is easy to sell your position in a certain currency even when the value of that money is going down. A plummeting stock is more difficult to unload, but not impossible.
If you want to begin currency tranding, try to set aside some money and open an account with an online broker. Start slowly, then as you get the hang of it, work your way up to larger trades and higher volume. However, do not gamble your nest egg on currency trading because inexperienced traders can lose everything they have rather quickly in spite of the relative safety of the Forex market.

The Foreign Exchange market (Forex) is truly the largest exchange in the world. The amount of dollars traded on the Forex market on a daily basis is in the trillions. Most of this currency trading takes place between between large banks, central banks, currency speculators, multinational corporations, governments, and other financial markets and institutions. However, individual traders are starting to get in the mix, using internet discount brokers such as Etrade to participate in the currency exchange market.
There is no central exchange or meeting place for the Forex. All trading is done over computer networks between traders in different parts of the world. Also, unlike the stock market, the foreign exchange market is open 24 hours per day, because it is a global market. A trader in Hong Kong may be exchanging currency with a trader in Australia while an American trader is sleeping.
There are several different markets within the Forex exchange system. First, there is the spot market. The spot market deals with trades that are based on the current values of currencies. One person trades a certain amount of currency with another trader in exchange for an equivalent amount of a different foreign currency. Spot trades take two days for settlement.
The other two types of foreign exchange markets are the forward and futures markets. In the forward market, the buyer and seller agree on an exchange rate and a transaction date is set for a specific time in the future, at which point the trade is executed regardless of what the rates are at that time. On the futures market, futures contracts are bought and sold based upon a standard contract size and maturity date. Futures trades take place on public commodities markets.
A currency quote is listed differently from a stock quote. Stocks are quoted in terms of price per share. Currency exchange prices are listed as either a direct quote or an indirect quote. A direct quote uses the domestic currency as the base and the foreign currency as the quote. An indirect quote works the exact opposite way.
So, if you were to view a quote in an American newspaper that said USD/JPY = 75, that would be a direct quote and would mean that $1 of U.S. currency is equal to 75 Japanese yen. If that same quote appeared in that same American newspaper and was listed as JPY/USD = 0.013, that would be an example of an indirect quote.
As with stock prices, currency exchange prices have a bid and ask spread. The current bid is the amount of foreign currency that someone is willing to spend in order to buy $1 U.S. base currency. The ask is the amount of foreign currency that someone is demanding in order to be willing to sell $1 U.S. base currency.
The Forex markets are generally considered to be less volatile than then stock market because within the course of a trading day, it is highly unlikely for the value of a single currency to move all that much. With equities, it is not uncommon for a trader to buy a stock, and then a negative press release causes the stock to lose considerable value within a day or even a couple of hours. Sometimes, however, the Forex can be volatile. If there is a significant economic or political development with a certain country, the currency of that country can lose value quickly.
There is a higher degree of liquidity on the currency exchange then there is on the stock exchange because the currency exchange is open 24 hours per day and because the very nature of currency exchange is to bet on when certain currencies will go up or down; so, it is easy to sell your position in a certain currency even when the value of that money is going down. A plummeting stock is more difficult to unload, but not impossible.
If you want to begin currency tranding, try to set aside some money and open an account with an online broker. Start slowly, then as you get the hang of it, work your way up to larger trades and higher volume. However, do not gamble your nest egg on currency trading because inexperienced traders can lose everything they have rather quickly in spite of the relative safety of the Forex market.

The Foreign Exchange market (Forex) is truly the largest exchange in the world. The amount of dollars traded on the Forex market on a daily basis is in the trillions. Most of this currency trading takes place between between large banks, central banks, currency speculators, multinational corporations, governments, and other financial markets and institutions. However, individual traders are starting to get in the mix, using internet discount brokers such as Etrade to participate in the currency exchange market.
There is no central exchange or meeting place for the Forex. All trading is done over computer networks between traders in different parts of the world. Also, unlike the stock market, the foreign exchange market is open 24 hours per day, because it is a global market. A trader in Hong Kong may be exchanging currency with a trader in Australia while an American trader is sleeping.
There are several different markets within the Forex exchange system. First, there is the spot market. The spot market deals with trades that are based on the current values of currencies. One person trades a certain amount of currency with another trader in exchange for an equivalent amount of a different foreign currency. Spot trades take two days for settlement.
The other two types of foreign exchange markets are the forward and futures markets. In the forward market, the buyer and seller agree on an exchange rate and a transaction date is set for a specific time in the future, at which point the trade is executed regardless of what the rates are at that time. On the futures market, futures contracts are bought and sold based upon a standard contract size and maturity date. Futures trades take place on public commodities markets.
A currency quote is listed differently from a stock quote. Stocks are quoted in terms of price per share. Currency exchange prices are listed as either a direct quote or an indirect quote. A direct quote uses the domestic currency as the base and the foreign currency as the quote. An indirect quote works the exact opposite way.
So, if you were to view a quote in an American newspaper that said USD/JPY = 75, that would be a direct quote and would mean that $1 of U.S. currency is equal to 75 Japanese yen. If that same quote appeared in that same American newspaper and was listed as JPY/USD = 0.013, that would be an example of an indirect quote.
As with stock prices, currency exchange prices have a bid and ask spread. The current bid is the amount of foreign currency that someone is willing to spend in order to buy $1 U.S. base currency. The ask is the amount of foreign currency that someone is demanding in order to be willing to sell $1 U.S. base currency.
The Forex markets are generally considered to be less volatile than then stock market because within the course of a trading day, it is highly unlikely for the value of a single currency to move all that much. With equities, it is not uncommon for a trader to buy a stock, and then a negative press release causes the stock to lose considerable value within a day or even a couple of hours. Sometimes, however, the Forex can be volatile. If there is a significant economic or political development with a certain country, the currency of that country can lose value quickly.
There is a higher degree of liquidity on the currency exchange then there is on the stock exchange because the currency exchange is open 24 hours per day and because the very nature of currency exchange is to bet on when certain currencies will go up or down; so, it is easy to sell your position in a certain currency even when the value of that money is going down. A plummeting stock is more difficult to unload, but not impossible.
If you want to begin currency tranding, try to set aside some money and open an account with an online broker. Start slowly, then as you get the hang of it, work your way up to larger trades and higher volume. However, do not gamble your nest egg on currency trading because inexperienced traders can lose everything they have rather quickly in spite of the relative safety of the Forex market.

Hello Fellow-Investor.
The Derivatives and Futures Market is the most potentially profitable market in the world. But it can be the most distructive one too!
Derivatives
A derivative is a financial term for a specific type of investment from which the price over a certain time is derived from the performance of the underlying asset such as commodities, shares or bonds, interest rates, exchange rates or indices like stock market index or consumer price index.
This performance can determine both the amount and the timing of the payoffs. The diverse range of potential underlying assets and payoff alternatives leads to a huge range of derivatives contracts available to be traded in the market. The main types of derivatives are Futures, Forwards, Options and Swaps.
Futures
A futures contract is a standardized contract, traded on a futures exchange
to buy or sell a certain underlying asset. at a certain date in the future, at a pre-set price.
The future date is called the delivery date or final settlement date. The pre-set price is called the futures price. The price of the underlying asset on the delivery date is called the settlement price. The futures price, normally, converges towards the settlement price on the delivery date.
A futures contract gives the holder the right and the obligation to buy or sell, which differs from an options contract, which gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, and the option writer (seller) the obligation, but not the right.
In other words, the owner of an options contract can exercise (to buy or sell) on or prior to the pre-determined settlement/expiration date. Both parties of a “futures contract” must exercise the contract (buy or sell) on the settlement date.
To exit the commitment, the holder of a futures position has to sell his long position or buy back his short position
effectively closing out the futures position and its contract obligations.
Futures contracts, or simply futures, are exchange traded derivatives. The exchange acts as the counterparty on all contracts and sets margin requirement etc.
Forwards
A forward contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset (which can be of any kind) at a pre-agreed future point in time. Therefore, the trade date and delivery date are separated. It is used to control and hedge risk.
One party agrees to buy, the other to sell, for a forward price agreed in advance. In a forward transaction, no actual cash changes hands. If the transaction is collaterised, exchange of margin will take place according to a pre-agreed rule. Otherwise no asset of any kind actually changes hands, until the contract has matured.
The forward price of such a contract is commonly contrasted with the spot price which is the price at which the asset changes hands ( on the spot date, usually the next business day ). The difference between the spot and the forward price is the forward premium or forward discount.
A standardized forward contract that is traded on an exchange is called a futures contract.
Futures vs. Forwards
While futures and forward contracts are both a contract to trade on a future date, key differences include:
- Futures are always traded on an exchange, whereas forwards always trade over-the-counter.
- Futures are highly standardized, whereas each forward is unique
- The price at which the contract is finally settled is different:
Futures are settled at the settlement price fixed on the last trading date of the contract (i.e. at the end)
Forwards are settled at the forward price agreed on the trade date (i.e. at the start)
- The credit risk of futures is much lower than that of forwards:
Traders are not subject to credit risk due to the role played by the clearing house. The profit or loss on a futures position is exchanged in cash every day. After this the credit exposure is again zero.
The profit or loss on a forward contract is only realised at the time of settlement, so the credit exposure can keep increasing
- In case of physical delivery, the forward contract specifies to whom to make the delivery. The counterparty on a futures contract is chosen randomly by the exchange.
- In a forward there are no cash flows until delivery, whereas in futures there are margin requirements and periodic margin calls.
Options
An option is a contract whereby one party (the holder or buyer) has the right but not the obligation to exercise a feature of the option contract ( e.g. stocks ) on or before a future date called the exercise or expiry date.
Since the option gives the buyer a right and the seller an obligation, the buyer has received something of value. The amount the buyer pays the seller for the option is called the option premium.
Most often the term “option” refers to a type of derivative which gives the holder of the option the right but not the obligation to purchase (a “call option”) or sell (a “put option”) a specified amount of a security within a specified time span. (Specific features of options on securities differ by the type of the underlying financial instrument involved.)
Swaps
A swap is a derivative where two counterparties exchange one stream of cash flows against another stream. These streams are called the legs of the swap. The cash flows are calculated over a notional principal amount. Swaps are often used to hedge certain risks, for instance interest rate risk. Another use is speculation.
Swaps are over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives. This means that they are negotiated outside exchanges. They cannot be bought and sold like securities or future contracts, but are all unique. As each swap is a unique contract, the only way to get out of it is by either mutually agreeing to tear it up, or by reassigning the swap to a third party. This latter option is only possible with the consent of the counterparty.